Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a progressive eye disorder. There are two primary types of AMD: wet AMD and dry AMD. Both affect the macula, which is the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision — the kind of vision that’s essential for activities like reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Macular degeneration primarily affects older adults and is the leading cause of registered blindness in adults over age 50. As you age, understanding the risks associated with certain medications and their potential impact on macular health is important for prevention and treatment. This article explores what macular degeneration is, identifies medications that may increase the risk of developing this condition, and discusses its causes and treatments. Beware these drugs that could cause macular degeneration.
Medications That May Increase the Risk of Macular Degeneration
There are two main types of AMD. Dry AMD is the more common form and is characterized by the thinning of the macula, along with the development of tiny clumps of proteins and other extracellular material called drusen. It typically progresses slowly. Wet AMD is less common but is a more severe form that occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leading to leakage of blood and fluid, which can cause rapid vision loss. Certain medications have been linked to an increased risk of developing macular degeneration or exacerbating its progression. Here are some medications to be aware of.
Corticosteroids
Long-term use of corticosteroids, which are commonly prescribed for inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma, can increase a person’s risk of developing AMD. These medications can cause an elevation in intraocular pressure and changes in the structure of the retina, potentially contributing to macular degeneration.
Antipsychotic Medications
Some antipsychotic drugs, particularly those used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, have been associated with retinal toxicity. Medications like thioridazine can cause pigmentary retinopathy, which may accelerate the progression of macular degeneration.
Antimalarial Drugs
Hydroxychloroquine, used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, can cause retinopathy with long-term use. The risk increases with higher cumulative doses, and this retinopathy can mimic or worsen macular degeneration.
Aspirin
There is some evidence suggesting a link between regular, long-term aspirin use and an increased risk of wet AMD. Although aspirin is widely used for its cardiovascular benefits, its impact on eye health, particularly in those predisposed to AMD, should be considered.
Causes of Macular Degeneration
While certain medications can contribute to the development of macular degeneration, other factors play a significant role in its onset. These include:
- Age: The risk of AMD increases significantly after the age of 60.
- Genetics: Family history and genetic predispositions are also risk factors.
- Smoking: Tobacco use is strongly associated with a higher risk of developing AMD.
- Obesity: Being overweight increases the likelihood of AMD progression.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure can affect blood flow to the retina, exacerbating the condition.
- Diet: Poor dietary habits, particularly low intake of antioxidants and high-fat diets, can increase the risk of AMD.
Treatments for Macular Degeneration
While there is no cure for macular degeneration, several treatments can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
Lifestyle Changes
Adopting a healthy lifestyle may impact the progression of AMD. This includes quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, controlling blood pressure, and eating a diet rich in leafy greens, fish, and antioxidants.
Medications
For wet AMD, medications that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can be injected into the eye to reduce abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage. Common VEGF inhibitors include ranibizumab (Lucentis), aflibercept (Eylea), and bevacizumab (Avastin).
Laser Therapy
Laser photocoagulation can be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels in the eye for certain cases of wet AMD. However, this treatment is less commonly used today due to the effectiveness of VEGF inhibitors.
Photodynamic Therapy
This involves injecting a light-sensitive drug called verteporfin (Visudyne) into the bloodstream, which is then activated by a laser to target and destroy abnormal blood vessels in the eye.
Low Vision Aids
For those with advanced AMD, low vision aids such as magnifying devices, special lenses, and electronic systems can help improve visual function and quality of life.
Macular degeneration is a serious condition that can impair vision and quality of life. Being aware of the medications that may increase the risk of developing or worsening this condition is essential. If you are taking any of the mentioned medications, discuss the potential risks with your healthcare provider and explore alternatives if necessary. Early detection and proactive management of AMD through lifestyle changes, medical treatments, and the use of low vision aids can help preserve vision and enhance daily living.
Resource Links
“What Macular Degeneration Drugs Should You Avoid?” via Healthline
“Drugs and Macular Degeneration: What Drugs Cause It?” via Nvision
“What Is Macular Degeneration?” via the American Academy of Ophthalmology